(PowerShell) Regular Expression Catastrophic Backtrack

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Catastrophic backtracking in regular expressions occurs when a poorly constructed pattern causes the regex engine to try an exponential number of possibilities, especially on non-matching input. This leads to extremely slow performance or even a program hang.

Example:

(a+)+$

Applied to:

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaab

The regex engine tries many combinations of grouping a+ inside another +, looking for a way to match the whole string, but it never matches due to the final b. The nested quantifiers (+ inside +) are what trigger the backtracking explosion.

How to prevent it:

• Avoid nested quantifiers like (a+)+
• Use atomic groups or possessive quantifiers if available
• Consider more efficient regex design or a parser

Catastrophic backtracking is especially dangerous when regex patterns are applied to user-controlled input.

Note: This example requires Chilkat v11.1.0 or greater.

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Add-Type -Path "C:\chilkat\ChilkatDotNet47-x64\ChilkatDotNet47.dll"

$sbSubject = New-Object Chilkat.StringBuilder

# Create data that would cause a catastrophic backtrack with the regular expression "((a+)+$)"
$i = 0
while ($i -lt 500) {
    $sbSubject.Append("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa")
    $i = $i + 1
}

$sbSubject.Append("X")

$pattern = "((a+)+$)"

$json = New-Object Chilkat.JsonObject
$json.EmitCompact = $false

# Set a time limit to prevent a catastrophic backtrack..
# (Approx) 1 second time limit.
# This should fail:
$numMatches = $sbSubject.RegexMatch($pattern,$json,1000)
if ($numMatches -lt 1) {
    $($sbSubject.LastErrorText)

    # 	We should get an error such as the following:

    # 	ChilkatLog:
    # 	  RegexMatch:
    # 	    ChilkatVersion: 11.1.0
    # 	    regex_match:
    # 	      timeoutMs: 1000
    # 	      Exceeded regular expression match limit.
    # 	      elapsedMs: Elapsed time: 797 millisec
    # 	      num_matches: -1
    # 	    --regex_match
    # 	  --RegexMatch
    # 	--ChilkatLog

    exit
}

# We shouldn't get here.
# The above data and regular expression should've caused a catastrophic backtrack.
$("numMatches: " + $numMatches)
$($json.Emit())