C

Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (DH)

See more Diffie-Hellman Examples

Diffie-Hellman key exchange (DH) is a cryptographic protocol that allows two parties that have no prior knowledge of each other to jointly establish a shared secret key.

This example demonstrates how two parties (Alice and Bob) can compute an N-bit shared secret key without the key ever being transmitted.

C

#include <C_CkDh.h>
#include <C_CkCrypt2.h>

void ChilkatSample(void)
    {
    BOOL success;
    HCkDh dhBob;
    HCkDh dhAlice;
    const char *p;
    int g;
    const char *eBob;
    const char *eAlice;
    const char *kBob;
    const char *kAlice;
    HCkCrypt2 crypt;
    const char *sessionKey;
    const char *iv;
    const char *cipherText64;
    const char *plainText;

    success = FALSE;

    // This example requires the Chilkat API to have been previously unlocked.
    // See Global Unlock Sample for sample code.

    // Create two separate instances of the DH object.
    dhBob = CkDh_Create();
    dhAlice = CkDh_Create();

    // The DH algorithm begins with a large prime, P, and a generator, G.  
    // These don't have to be secret, and they may be transmitted over an insecure channel.  
    // The generator is a small integer and typically has the value 2 or 5.

    // The Chilkat DH component provides the ability to use known
    // "safe" primes, as well as a method to generate new safe primes.

    // This example will use a known safe prime.  Generating
    // new safe primes is a time-consuming CPU intensive task
    // and is normally done offline.

    // Bob will choose to use the 2nd of our 8 pre-chosen safe primes.  
    // It is the Prime for the 2nd Oakley Group (RFC 2409) -- 
    // 1024-bit MODP Group.  Generator is 2. 
    // The prime is: 2^1024 - 2^960 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^894 pi] + 129093 }
    CkDh_UseKnownPrime(dhBob,2);

    // The computed shared secret will be equal to the size of the prime (in bits).
    // In this case the prime is 1024 bits, so the shared secret will be 128 bytes (128 * 8 = 1024).
    // However, the result is returned as an SSH1-encoded bignum in hex string format.
    // The SSH1-encoding prepends a 2-byte count, so the result is going  to be 2 bytes
    // longer: 130 bytes.  This results in a hex string that is 260 characters long (two chars
    // per byte for the hex encoding).

    // Bob will now send P and G to Alice.
    p = CkDh_p(dhBob);
    g = CkDh_getG(dhBob);

    // Alice calls SetPG to set P and G.  SetPG checks
    // the values to make sure it's a safe prime and will
    // return FALSE if not.
    success = CkDh_SetPG(dhAlice,p,g);
    if (success != TRUE) {
        printf("P is not a safe prime\n");
        CkDh_Dispose(dhBob);
        CkDh_Dispose(dhAlice);
        return;
    }

    // Each side begins by generating an "E"
    // value.  The CreateE method has one argument: numBits.
    // It should be set to twice the size of the number of bits
    // in the session key.

    // Let's say we want to generate a 128-bit session key
    // for AES encryption.  The shared secret generated by the Diffie-Hellman
    // algorithm will be longer, so we'll hash the result to arrive at the
    // desired session key length.  However, the length of the session
    // key we'll utlimately produce determines the value that should be
    // passed to the CreateE method.

    // In this case, we'll be creating a 128-bit session key, so pass 256 to CreateE.
    // This setting is for security purposes only -- the value
    // passed to CreateE does not change the length of the shared secret
    // that is produced by Diffie-Hellman.  
    // Also, there is no need to pass in a value larger
    // than 2 times the expected session key length.  It suffices to
    // pass exactly 2 times the session key length.

    // Bob generates a random E (which has the mathematical
    // properties required for DH).

    eBob = CkDh_createE(dhBob,256);

    // Alice does the same:

    eAlice = CkDh_createE(dhAlice,256);

    // The "E" values are sent over the insecure channel.
    // Bob sends his "E" to Alice, and Alice sends her "E" to Bob.

    // Each side computes the shared secret by calling FindK.
    // "K" is the shared-secret.

    // Bob computes the shared secret from Alice's "E":
    kBob = CkDh_findK(dhBob,eAlice);

    // Alice computes the shared secret from Bob's "E":
    kAlice = CkDh_findK(dhAlice,eBob);

    // Amazingly, kBob and kAlice are identical and the expected
    // length (260 characters).  The strings contain the hex encoded bytes of
    // our shared secret:
    printf("Bob's shared secret:\n");
    printf("%s\n",kBob);
    printf("Alice's shared secret (should be equal to Bob's)\n");
    printf("%s\n",kAlice);

    // To arrive at a 128-bit session key for AES encryption, Bob and Alice should
    // both transform the raw shared secret using a hash algorithm that produces
    // the size of session key desired.   MD5 produces a 16-byte (128-bit) result, so
    // this is a good choice for 128-bit AES.

    // To produce the session key:
    crypt = CkCrypt2_Create();

    CkCrypt2_putEncodingMode(crypt,"hex");
    CkCrypt2_putHashAlgorithm(crypt,"md5");

    sessionKey = CkCrypt2_hashStringENC(crypt,kBob);

    printf("128-bit Session Key:\n");
    printf("%s\n",sessionKey);

    // Encrypt something...
    CkCrypt2_putCryptAlgorithm(crypt,"aes");
    CkCrypt2_putKeyLength(crypt,128);
    CkCrypt2_putCipherMode(crypt,"cbc");

    // Use an IV that is the MD5 hash of the session key...

    iv = CkCrypt2_hashStringENC(crypt,sessionKey);

    // AES uses a 16-byte IV:
    printf("Initialization Vector:\n");
    printf("%s\n",iv);

    CkCrypt2_SetEncodedKey(crypt,sessionKey,"hex");
    CkCrypt2_SetEncodedIV(crypt,iv,"hex");

    // Encrypt some text:

    CkCrypt2_putEncodingMode(crypt,"base64");
    cipherText64 = CkCrypt2_encryptStringENC(crypt,"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog");
    printf("%s\n",cipherText64);

    plainText = CkCrypt2_decryptStringENC(crypt,cipherText64);

    printf("%s\n",plainText);


    CkDh_Dispose(dhBob);
    CkDh_Dispose(dhAlice);
    CkCrypt2_Dispose(crypt);

    }